Two Approaches Of Leadership And Leadership - 1743 Words

Leaders throughout history have displayed many characteristics and traits which make them who they are, and influence the decisions they make. Whether or not the leader was born with these traits has never been scientifically proven. However, it is within human nature that we learn through trial and experience to improve our mental cognitive ability, and therefore leaders are, until proven otherwise, made not born. Whether a leader is born a leader, or made a leader is not relevant to the end result. What is relevant is if one of the two approaches of leadership produces a better leader. Leaders play a large role in society, and great leaders play a large role in history. Trying to hypothesise whether leaders are born or made is ironic, as by studying that topic, you are effectively helping to make future leaders. Leaders are crucial to the continuing development of the human race. Without leaders, the world would hardly change from when humans first inhabited it. Leaders inspire change, with goals and aims in place to further develop the human race. While not all leaders have the same ideology as others, they are still reaching to enhance the population. Leaders have been present throughout all history, and many have played a large role in how society operates today. Leaders usually show many similar characteristics to each other, and for this reason, many believe that a leader must have these same qualities or traits to be a successful leader. Of interest however, isShow MoreRelatedLeadership, Transformational Leadership And Leadership Approaches Essay1738 Words   |  7 Pages When one thinks of leadership, they think of just one thing but there are different types of approaches to leaderships that one would not know. These types of approaches are broken up to two groups that of traditional approach and that of contemporary approach which is then broken down to smaller groups of leadership approaches. The traditional approach is broken down to three different approaches such as trait, behavior, and contingency approach in which these approaches are based upon a leader’sRead MoreApproaches to Contemporary Leadership Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesContemporary Leadership: The concept of leadership is an issue that has elicited considerable debate in the recent past to an extent that there is an extensive body of research and literature that addresses the issue. Some of the most common issues in the wide range of literature on this issue include scientific investigation, fiction, and biographies (Truckenbrodt, 2000, p.233). This concept has generated such concerns because leadership influences politics, academics, organizations, militaryRead MoreLeadership Theory And Situational Leadership1621 Words   |  7 PagesLaFeve AS 301 30 October 2015 Midterm Paper Leadership is one of the human traits that are looked up to the most. When a task is at hand many people look around for someone to lead them and take charge. Leadership has been a part of The Air Force since it was created in 1947. Recently more emphasis and researching went into leadership and scholars provided leadership theories. Two of the theories are the Full Range Leadership model and the Situational Leadership model. Both of these theories provide ideasRead MoreLeadership As A Good Leader1319 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess of leadership at its core can be discerned whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. (pg.5) In all paths of life some application of leadership can be observed though the best version is never certain depending on the circumstances. Leadership should be situational depending on whatever is happening or the needs of the team are at the time. In this paper, I will discuss my experience in years past in a setting of bot h transformational leadership. My leadershipRead MorePersonal Leadership Qualities And Qualities788 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many different theories and approaches developed, that help determine personal leadership qualities and actions. Each approach holds valuable information in relation to leadership styles and qualities, yet you must find the approaches that appeal to you when attempting to determine your own leadership qualities. The skills approach and authentic leadership approach were the most appealing for me. I choose these two approaches because I believe that it is very important to be an authenticRead MoreLeadership Theory And The Path Goal Theory Essay1456 Words   |  6 Pagesways in which the field of leadership is developing along with the importance of its evolutionary path for theories, models, and different methods. Leadership focuses not only on the leader, but also on subordinates, peers, supervisors, work setting, and culture. Leadership has evolved over the years and we’re go ing to explore a few updated leadership approaches. There are a few different leadership approaches that were discussed in this course. The leadership approaches I’ll be discussing are theRead MoreLeadership Strategies For Leadership Development1336 Words   |  6 Pagesskills needed for leadership have also changed—more complex and adaptive thinking abilities are needed. The methods being used to develop leaders have not changed (much). The majority of managers are developed from on-the-job experiences, training, and coaching/ mentoring; while these are all still important, leaders are no longer developing fast enough or in the right ways to match the new environment† (Future Trends, 2014, p. 5). In Mr. Petrie’s review â€Å"Future Trends in Leadership Development,† heRead MoreLeadership Styles And Philosophies Of Leadership Essay1434 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership and You Leaders play a crucial role in the society and organizations, especially with regards to helping the organization achieve its objectives and purposes. These individuals use varying approaches to leadership that inform their practices in motivating organizational members towards the accomplishment of common objectives. Through their practices, leaders not only influence the behaviors of their followers or subordinates but also help in shaping organizational culture. The useRead MoreDifference Between Character And Characteristics, Situational Theory And The Path Goal Theory1254 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Contingency approaches, the difference between character and characteristics, situational theory and the Path-Goal Theory. I will give an assessment of how the application of each can enhance my leadership effectiveness. I will cover how it has made me rethink preconceived ideas about what it means to be a leader to flowers. I will focus on the relationship between leader, follower and situations. Contingency approaches Daft (2014) defines the Contingency approaches as approaches look at the leadershipRead MoreThe Situational Approach And Contingency Theory1617 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many dissimilar leadership approaches leaders can employ when working toward meeting goals and in situations. But the two approaches, I will be discussing are the situational approach and contingency theory. These two approaches are the same, but yet they are dissimilar. According to Hanks (n.d), â€Å"the situational approach and contingency theory describes how different approaches to leadership can help owners and managers reach their goals.† The situational approach was developed in 1969

Indian History Geography And A Formative Period

Indian history had a lot of differences then China in the classical period, and most of them lasted. In China they had most of their focus on things such as politics and philosophic teachings and ideas, while in India their focus was more towards religion and the social structure. While we know less about them, there were other distinctions that India had in their science, economy, and family life. India, like China, was able to leave lasting impulses that are still in India to this day. India was pretty different from China, but they also had some things that were in common. Both India and China were agricultural based societies, in which most of the common people were framers. Both places had strong unity in their peoples. In India males were the more powerful of the sexes because they were allowed to own land while the women were treated more like property. THE FRAMEWORK FOR INDIAN HISTORY: GEOGRAPHY AND A FORMATIVE PERIOD: *India was distinctive from other places most likely because of its geography and eventful experiences it had early on. India was a lot closer to other civilizations, and was very open to influence from other places/cultures (such as the Middle East and Mediterranean). Some such influences were brought by the Persians when they spilled into India and brought with them different/new art and political concepts. This caused India to be a lot more adaptable than isolated China. *India’s topography also aided in shaping this society. For you see, whileShow MoreRelatedWhat Part Did Geography Play During Rome s Ability Of Build An Empire?1112 Words   |  5 PagesHistory Discussion Questions Answer each of the following questions as you reach the lesson they relate to. You will submit the completed work file with lesson 7.08 1. (05.03) What part did geography play in Rome s ability to build an empire? Rome is located on the River Tiber, so from it has good trade access. It expanded to cover the Italian peninsular the Alps in the north formed a natural barrier against the French. It provided easy access to the southern part; it allowed trade to flourishRead MoreSituational Analysis: 7th Grade Language Arts6569 Words   |  26 Pagesapartments. Of those 10 students, 4 have changed homes since the end of last year, moved or evicted to a different part of town. Racial/ethnic classroom makeup: 11 students are of Caucasian background. 5 students are African-American. 6 students are East Indian. 3 students are Asian. 2 students are Russian. Special Education students: No special education. Additional considerations: There 2 students who are part of a religious group who do not want their children learning about other creational myths.Read MoreEssay on Maya2969 Words   |  12 PagesMaya The ancient Maya were a group of American Indian peoples who lived in southern Mexico, particularly the present-day states of Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo, and in Belize, Guatemala, and adjacent Honduras. Their descendants, the modern Maya, live in the same regions today, in both highlands and lowlands, from cool highland plains ringed by volcanos to deep tropical rain forests. Through the region runs a single major river system, the Apasion-Usumacinta and itsRead MorePhilosophical Basis of Education6031 Words   |  25 Pagesimplications for education in curriculum, role of the teacher and the nature of discipline. While explaining the ideas advocated by different schools of philosophy on above concepts, this unit will also incorporate the views of both Western as well as Indian thinkers. PHILOSOPHY, EDUCATION AND THEIR INTER-DEPENDENCE The inter-dependence of philosophy and education is clearly seen from the fact that the great philosphers of all times have also been great educators and their philosophy is reflectedRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pages5 HOW DID control over water resources influence early Middle Eastern civilizations? ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN EMPIRES page 14 HOW DID conquest and trade shape early empires in the Near East? EARLY INDIAN CIVILIZATION page 16 WHAT INFLUENCES did the first Indus valley civilization have on later Indian religious and social practices? EARLY CHINESE CIVILIZATION page 23 WHY DID large territorial states arise in ancient China? THE RISE OF CIVILIZATION IN THE AMERICAS page 27 HOW DID agricultureRead MoreGlobalization or Glocalisation? Networks, Territories and Rescaling12782 Words   |  52 Pagesabundantly clear in the same way as a more sober statistical comparative analysis would illustrate. Of course, many of these accounts have always prioritised time and history over geography. The latter was usually understood as contextual and passive. Spatial or geographical strategies were rarely considered as vital and formative in explaining the dynamics of internationalisation. At best, the feeble attempts to take space seriously really resulted in replacing the process of class exploitationRead MoreHyundai Case Study8390 Words   |  34 PagesEmail: r.lansbury@econ.usyd.edu.au 1360-2381 Print/1743-792X Online/06/020131-17 q 2006 Taylor Francis DOI: 10.1080/13602380500532180 132 R. D. Lansbury et al. Globalization of the Korean auto industry has occurred in a very short period of time. It began as a repair industry for vehicles released during and after the Korean War in the early 1950s. The ï ¬ rst assembly plant in 1955 had an annual capacity of 1,500 units. When the Korean government launched the ï ¬ rst Five Year Economic Read MoreEu, Nafta, Asean12786 Words   |  52 Pagesgenerated the largest nominal world  gross domestic product  (GDP) of 17.6 trillion US dollars, representing approximately 20% of the global GDP when measured in terms of  purchasing power parity.[23] ------------------------------------------------- History:  History of the European Union Robert Schuman  proposing  the  Coal and Steel Community  on  9 May  1950. After World War II, moves towards European integration were seen by many as an escape from the extreme forms of nationalism that had devastated theRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesBrier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David MRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 Pagesentrepreneur Highest motivation – Variations according to region Motivation – Variations according to gender Motivation – Variations according to age Motivation – Variations according to family background Motivation – Variations according to time periods Motivation – Variations according to level of work experience Positive factors Positive factors – Variations according to gender Positive factors – Variations according to age Family support to entrepreneurs Family support – Variations according to

Smartphone and Tablets Development †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Smartphone and Tablets Development. Answer: Introduction Blackberry is a multinational company based in Canada that specializes in the internet of things and enterprise software. Formerly the group was identified as Research in Motion (RIM). The Company was well known to the public for smartphone and tablets development branded as Blackberry. Under the management of chief executive officer John S Chen, the company transitioned to production of enterprise software and services (En.wikipedia.org, 2017). The product under enterprise software is used by business owners globally. Some of its softwares include, blackberry UEM, QNX real-time operating systems and AtHoc crisis communication platform. When John S Chen took over the company, he had a different strategy for the company which included concentrating on software technology and contract out manufacturing to Foxconn. Currently, the business model strategy involves coming up with authorizing partnership with device producer such a TCL Communication and amalgamating Blackberry software coll ection. Over the years the company had a different achievement that comprises of: It was the first developer to come up with wireless technology.it was the first company outside Scandinavia to develop Mobitex wireless products connectivity. The company introduced its first Mobitex protocol converter. In September 2011, the company suffered a massive outage, affecting many of its consumers. The sluggish growth pressed the company to adopt a strategy that laid off 2000 of its employees in 2011.The outage happened during that time that Apple was preparing to for its iPhone 4S launch, this triggered qualms of mass defection from the policy. By October 2011, the RIM uncovered, prospect blackberry smartphone new platform that would be based on similar QNX as a play book (Editorial, 2017). The platform was renamed blackberry after the RIM had been accused of brand breach regarding name BBX. Blackberry has placed more emphasis on its complete strategic refurbishment. First, the company is targeting the niche market as opposed to its previous focus on mass customer market. The company has presented long track record in the high competency of its security systems and skills. The company is shifting its focus to targeting enterprise and enterprise facility as opposed to safeguarding its spo t in a competitive and saturated smartphone market. With regards to this market perspective, Blackberry services and products are valued and well differentiated from competitors brands. When blackberry released blackberry enterprise service 12, it was enough evidence of the strategic shift taken by the company (Guides.library.ubc.ca, 2017). The product is software that allows mobility management to manage the mobile devices securely. Strategic direction promises the company good return for the various reasons. First, the original success of blackberry was built on its relevance and security within a business context. Secondly, with security becoming a major issue of concern recently, with the growth of data connectivity, it becomes harder to ignore security measure to curb cyber-attacks. However, the market being very competitive, blackberry requires to identify trends, adapt quickly and innovate ways it can meet the consumer demand, for it to maintain a competitive advantage, Blackberry operates in an industry that covers a broader number of sectors that is technology industry. Technology industry relates to the company that provides communication services to the consumers. Computer service and enterprise resource planning, computer hardware and software, internet and telecommunication have impacted ion people lives either on the positive or the negative (Anon, 2017).These industries are the backbone of the technology industry. Blackberry operates in communication tools industry. The industry caters to consumers demand in services and electronic apparatuses to enhance communication. The products range from the mobile handset to telephone network infrastructure .these products may operate through wired connections or in wireless connection to the public communication network. Blackberry holds a market share of 5% (Moorman). The company has highly secure phone that is its main strength. This has enabled the company to be on the competitive edge. The company has a mobile phone that offers highly encrypted secured network that has provided a secure plat for communication without fear of cyber-attacks. Secondly, the company strength has been its focus on the small consumer segment (Jurevicius, 2017). Contrasting its competitors the company has placed its emphasis on the narrow consumer segment. This approach is to ensure that the demands of the customer are met. The company has reduced marketing strategies of its products. Before the lunch of Apple product iPhone 4S, Blackberry had its brand in the market performing well with a more significant market share. However, the company was overtaken by its competitors due to its reluctance in the marketing of its name. Secondly, playbook tablet launch was not well received in the market, and it only had a smaller market share which made the company go through loss. This decreased blackberry chances to compete with its competitors Apple or Samsung who received the more significant income and profit growth due to tablet increase sales and demand (Jurevicius, 2017). The blackberry can seize the opportunity for growth in mobile advertising. With the increase in cloud-based service demand; The Company can benefit from the growing demand for expansion of its services that are cloud-based. The company has a lot of risks to keep a close watch. First, the rapid change in technology is posing a significant threat to the technology world. The company is inconsistent production of the new product that will keep up with the competition. This becomes a significant challenge when the company wants to introduce a new product that is innovative and successful. Second threat is the saturation of the smartphone market in the developed countries. This has led to slow growth. Due to this factor, the blackberry has not been able to expand its market share in Canada and USA.Lastly.is the increased competition on contracts offered by the government. Government goes through a process of contract renewal after few years; Blackberry has to compete with its competitors Samsung and Apple for government contract renewal (Jurevicius, 2017). A detailed description of cost and benefit of blackberry device is discussed as follow. To begin with a price: The cost of deploying a blackberry enterprise server is costly. Ranging from 75% to 59% of value is because of the data expense and voice expenses. Corporate liability policies drive this cost for smartphones. While some organization allows their staff to ask for a refund from the organization if they incur these charges, others only pay a certain percentage. An organization enjoys a lot of benefits on blackberry deployment in the organization. These benefits have been classified into: blackberry devices, allows employees to be more efficient and effective in their work production.as an organization evolve through the deployment of blackberry initiative across a range of employees, and chose an implementation that is more integrative, additional efficiency is obtained in some processes of the workflow. Costs: Benefits: New computer equipment: Cost each: Totals: Per year Totals: 10 network-ready PCs with supporting software $2,450 24500 Tripling of mail shot capacity - estimate: $40,000 40000 1 server $3,500 3500 Ability to sustain telesales campaigns: estimate $20,000 20000 3 printers $1,200 3600 Improved efficiency and reliability of follow-up: estimate $50,000 50000 Cabling Installation $4,600 4600 Improved customer service and retention: estimate $30,000 30000 Sales Support Software $15,000 15000 Improved accuracy of customer information: estimate $10,000 10000 More ability to manage sales effort $30,000 30000 Training costs: Each: Totals: Computer introduction 8 people $400 3200 Keyboard skills 8 people $400 3200 Sales Support System 12 people $700 8400 Other costs: Lost time: 40 man days $200 / day Lost sales through disruption - estimate: $20,000 Lost sales through inefficiency during first months estimate $20,000 Total Benefit per year 280000 Total Costs: $106000 Calculate the payback time: 280000/106000 =2.6 YRS Based on an article in the linked professional network blackberry failure can be traced to its adoption of the wrong business model to be measured. The company core business was not what the market share assumed. Blackberry has lost its market share to its competitors due to some reasons. First, the company management had a lot of ignorance and pride. Pride is a hindrance to the growth of any business. Ignorance of consumers changing needs and complains will quickly shift their attention to competitors. Secondly, blackberry was reluctant on innovation. In the technology industry, innovation should not stop. These provide a loophole that was filled by its competitors Apple and Samsung through continuous innovation. Thirdly the company lacked proper marketing strategy for its products. It is an advertisement that consumers are made aware of the company products. Lastly, the company was overconfident about its outcome. Overconfidence is a threat to any business since it can bring defeat from its competitor who is continually working their win. References Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.asianentrepreneur.org/blackberry-or-badberry/ [Accessed 15 Nov. 2017]. Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: RIM (Blackberry) Provides 9 Lessons in best turnaround strategies https://www.bizcoachinfo.com/archives/9072 [Accessed 15 Nov. 2017]. Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: RIM changes name to BlackBerry as BB10 launches - Toronto - CBC News https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2013/01/29/business-rim-blackberry.html [Accessed 15 Nov. 2017]. Editorial, R. (2017). ${Instrument_CompanyName} ${Instrument_Ric} Company Profile | Reuters.com. [online] U.S. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile/BB.TO [Accessed 15 Nov. 2017]. En.wikipedia.org. (2017). BlackBerry Limited. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_Limited [Accessed 15 Nov. 2017]. Forbes.com. (2017). Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/robclarfeld/2017/10/18/dont-let-cyber-thugs-keep-you-from-digitizing-key-documents/#903f0644d155 [Accessed 15 Nov. 2017]. Guides.library.ubc.ca. (2017). Research Guides: Company Profiles A-C: BlackBerry. [online] Available at: https://guides.library.ubc.ca/companies-A-C/companies-a-c/blackberry [Accessed 15 Nov. 2017]. Jurevicius, O. (2017). BlackBerry SWOT analysis 2013. [online] Strategic Management Insight. Available at: https://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/swot-analyses/blackberry-swot-analysis.html [Accessed 15 Nov. 2017]. Moorman, James. "BlackBerry: Current Environment." Standards Poors. N.p., 18 Oct 2012. eb. https://www.netadvantage.standardandpoors.com.proxresearchport.umd.edu/NASApp/NetAdvantage/cp/companyIndustrySurvey.do?task=showIndustrySurveyByTicker.

Rising Textbook Prices Essay Example

Rising Textbook Prices Essay Our group has conducted valid research and all agree that the high price and ever-rising cost of textbooks in the state of New Mexico has become an issue. Luis Argon Castro, Catherine Ponce, Mathew Hagman, Saul Velez, and Hannes Harmon have conducted thorough research to bring this problem to the forefront of issues in New Mexico. We wish to open the public’s eyes to the knowledge and information produced by us on this matter. It feels as if commercial companies, publishers, and authors are taking advantage of students statewide in order to collect high profits, which happen to be increasing yearly. The prices have been substantially climbing every year since 1994 and have now surpassed the rise of inflation. Higher education is becoming more and more expensive for students. Not only is tuition continuing to increase in cost, college textbook prices are drastically increasing as well. We as students are curious as to why the prices of textbooks are so high, and why they increase at the rate they do. It is becoming more difficult for students to pay for college along with their everyday living expenses. Students are concerned as to if New Mexico colleges and universities have the students’ best interest in mind, or are they simply interested in profit. We have identified what is behind the price of textbooks as far as their actual worth, and how much is profited by the companies providing the books. Moreover, we have explored alternative solutions for students when purchasing textbooks. We are presenting fellow students all the different alternatives, both legal and illegal; they currently have in order to save money on textbooks. Our objective is to significantly impact the way students and government look at textbook’s rising prices. We will write a custom essay sample on Rising Textbook Prices specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rising Textbook Prices specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rising Textbook Prices specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The desired outcome would be to drive down the price of textbooks required for college students in the state of New Mexico. We have presented rules/legislation that would benefit the students. Among the major steps in our solution, we intend on exposing those responsible for absurd prices on textbooks, which are used to form tomorrow’s leaders and fellow citizens. By exploring and analyzing the facts, we have proven that the rising cost of books has no correlation with inflation or rising tuition. Higher cost textbooks are definitely an issue that affects not only the state of New Mexico, but also the whole nation. A vast amount of students are reaping the high expenses of these textbooks prices. Here in New Mexico more and more students are complaining about the high priced textbooks. Even more complain of the small amount of money refunded to them when the â€Å"buy-back† begins. It does not make sense that a student makes less than half of what was paid at the end of a semester when re-selling a book. It especially doesn’t make sense when the book is then put up for sale the next semester for more money than the student made back. This is a serious problem, and is unfair. Who is really benefiting from this? Obviously someone other than the students is. Students already pay an average amount of five to six thousand a year before purchasing textbooks. Students who do not receive scholarships resort to taking out large unsubsidized and subsidized loans to pay for tuition, and at least $900 out of these loans goes to purchasing textbooks every year. Additionally, if a student does not drop out due to financial problems, they could potentially resort to working long hours, thus detrimentally affecting their grades and performance. This is most definitely not beneficial to the state, let alone the university or the student. If a student is forced to drop out due to their financial needs, how does that reflect on the University. This is a financial factor that definitely can be controlled by the University to prevent drop out rates. We firmly believe that action must be taken before the prices continue to get out of hand. Textbook prices are raising four times the rate of inflation. Since 1994 the cost have jumped 62 percent. The most common textbooks for college students are republished every 3 years. The cost is then raised 45 percent more than the previous textbook at a used price, and 12 percent more expensive than the previous new text. The availability of the used textbook is limited for following years. Studies showed that this new release of the textbook was only justified half the time, mostly because of a bundle wrap with a textbook, CD-ROM disc, and additional information. Publishers also charge the American student more for the textbook than students outside the states. A calculus textbook that cost 100 dollars in the United States goes for 38 dollars in the United Kingdom. A chemical principles textbook priced at 185 US dollars cost 88 dollars in the United Kingdom. An increasing amount of students and faculty are becoming more aware of this issue, and some are standing up to question the motives of publishers and ect. As well as seeing the impact high priced textbooks are having on student here in New Mexico. From a poll taken here at New Mexico State University 75 percent of student felt that textbooks were to expensive while 15 percent said they were acceptable. Over the past 25 years, the overall price of textbooks used by college students has dramatically increased throughout the United States. Aside from the statistics, the consensus about this matter is overwhelming not only by students, but also by professors and parents. It is no secret that higher education in the nation is becoming more and more exclusive as the amount of money required for it skyrockets. According to the website Inflationdata. com from 1984 to 2008 the overall inflation was 78. 47%. Contrastingly, a 2005 report from the GAO, the Government Accountability Office, showed that for the period from 1986 to 2004 the cost of tuition increased 240%. ttp://www. gao. gov/new. items/d05806. pdf Alarming enough as this is, the issue that concerns and affects us the most as â€Å"mid-way† college students, is the rate at which the price of textbooks required for classes is voraciously increasing. Additional findings, like the ones made by Charles Pekow, illustrate how due to auxiliary products accompanying the books such as: CD-ROMs, solution manuals, website passkeys, and others; the price of textbooks is actually increasing faster than tuition. (http://diverseeducation. om/article/4852/) A study by the California Student Public Interest Research Group states that the practice of â€Å"bundling† books with non-required materials rose 21 percent between consecutive editions. (http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/articles/A30151-2004Sep17. html) In 2004, the textbook industry accounted for more than $6 billion in the United States alone (National Assoc. of College Stores). The students who suffer the most due to the rising cost, are often community college and public universities Associate Degree seeking ones. This is because they tend to be from a low-income sphere and therefore attend schools with the lowest tuition. According to James V. Koch, a professor of economics and president emeritus at Old Dominium University, most professors do not know the cost of the textbook they recommend or require, thus causing the demand for such to be â€Å"price inelastic†. Furthermore, he argues how universities become passive accomplices to high book prices, as they tend to earn more money as students spend more on textbooks; thanks to their bookstore contracts. After discussing several factors on how companies drive the prices of textbooks up in his article, he finishes by adding: â€Å"If that doesn’t work, they’ll bring out a new edition and with the help of bookstores, render obsolete the old copies. † Which leads us to the ultimate gimmick, a highly obnoxious one, and common nowadays among the industry. A 2004 study by the California Student Public Interest Research Group found that textbook publishers release new editions every 3. 8 years on average, regardless of changes in information and/or problems with the textbooks context. Furthermore, of the textbooks surveyed in such study, it was found that new editions cost $58. 00 more than the older version. This puzzles us as students as we find it absurd that books on well-established, centuries-old disciplines such as calculus, electricity/ magnetism, history and such; need to be updated every 40 or so months. When we talked about the high price of textbooks with people, whether 5 or 20 years older than us, they all had the same view. They agreed that what we pay currently for a textbook is â€Å"insane†. So evidence suggests that textbook publishers are simply pursuing greater profit margins now than they did in the past. Several decades ago, the market used to be dominated by reasonable textbook companies that we assume, really cared about scholarly texts, and not so much about being uncontrollably profitable. Naturally they would seek some line of profit, but in the past, such line could be comfortable and modest thus satisfying the owners/directors. However, today’s market is significantly different. Now, traditional textbook companies have been bought up by gigantic conglomerates, which are plainly concerned about obtaining massive profits. This is dangerous and needs to be acted upon, otherwise textbooks will continue to turn into â€Å"one more† product line, just like toilet paper or tires or shoes, on which to profit out of. An additional remark that can be make is the fact that many formerly independent textbook companies are being bought up and merged under the same corporate umbrella, which in turn reduces competition, therefore hindering Adam Smith’s â€Å"invisible hand†. We created and conducted a survey and gave it to college students, we asked them various questions about their opinions on the current state of textbook pricing. When we asked students what is the most you have spent on an individual textbook to date 59. 1% of those surveyed said the textbook cost them over 200 dollars. Additionally we asked how much money they had spent on textbooks this semester and 45. 5% of the student surveyed said they have spent 400 to 500+ dollars plus in textbooks (Figure1). Over a student’s college career this could add up to around 4000 dollars, which could be two extra semesters worth of tuition at a school like New Mexico State University. When this money for textbooks is paid for with student loans at the current federal subsidized rate of 5. 6% according to the U. S. Department of Education’s web site (2010) this 4000 dollars in books will earn roughly around an additional 900 dollars in interest at the end of 4 years. Figure 1: Amount Spent on Textbooks Survey Results: How do students typically pay for their books. Our survey found that about 59. % pay for books with their own personal savings and additionally 27. 3% use a combination of personal savings and federal and private loans to pay for textbooks. With this we then asked students if they thought their textbooks came with unnecessary supplemental materials such as cd-roms, online access codes, etc and an astonishing 85. 7% of those surveyed said yes. The Government Accountabil ity Office (2005) report found this to be true as well. Regulators working for the Government Accountability Office spoke with publishers who said prices have increased due to the additional supplemental materials. With this in mind students may become more apt to get jobs and or take out more loans to pay for college. With loans and the cost of both books and college tuition exceeding the rate of inflation every year students are faced with more and more debt every year which contribute to drop out rates and low grades. A study by the Government Accountability Office (2005) found that the costs of textbooks exceeded the rate of inflation two times and prices of textbooks have been rising at about six percent a year ( para. 1 p. ) There may be relief to the problem of increasing textbook prices according to an article in Diverse Issues in Higher Education (July 2010) the 2008 Higher Education Opportunity Act which took effect July 1, 2010 would make publishers provide more information to colleges about pricing before book selection and would put restrictions on bundling books with the additional supplemental materials. This in effect would help students find alternatives to the exploitation of the textbook market. A solution that has been increasingly popular has been textbook rentals. For example the book Technical Communication Today (3rd Edition) is available from the New Mexico State University Book store (Barnes Noble) new for $77. 15 or used for $55. 55. You can purchase this book for as low as $49. 00 on amazon. com. This same book is available from chegg. com for $33. 59 a semester, and from campusbookrentals. com for $36. 24 per semester. These rental sites may be a good alternative to buying pricy textbooks but for some websites various editions and selection can be somewhat limited. According to (Salazar, 2010) despite solutions and legislation that has been enacted to help curb the prices and give students more choices, the selection of books is decided ultimately by college faculty and the prices are set by the publishers. There are possible solutions that could be implemented by New Mexico community colleges and universities to help make textbooks more affordable to students. Faculty should consider possible alternatives available such as custom editions of books tailored to universities and unbundled books as well as digital editions. Universities should consider book trading events and swaps as possibilities and alternatives to buying books. Universities and colleges should also consider the use of â€Å"older† editions of books for fields and classes that do not change much between editions such as mathematics, chemistry and physics. It must be ultimately realized that the most up to date information can be taught from the use of peer reviewed academic journals to show latest discoveries and findings in certain fields rather than relying on information condensed in these pricy textbooks. There may be relief to the problem of increasing textbook prices according to an article in Diverse Issues in Higher Education (July 2010) the 2008 Higher Education Opportunity Act which took effect July 1, 2010 would make publishers provide more information to colleges about pricing before book selection and would put restrictions on bundling books with the additional supplemental materials. This in effect would help students find alternatives to the exploitation of the textbook market. Five companies publish nearly 80% of college textbooks (Thomson, McGraw-Hill, Houghton-Mifflin, Wiley, and Pearson). There are four major wholesalers that dominate the market and own or operate some college bookstores: Follet, Barnes and Noble, Nebraska Book Company, and College Bookstores of America. These companies are very active with unused and used books. For example, they can typically buy unneeded new books from bookstores for 15%-25% of the original cost and resell them for about 50% of the original cost In December of 2008, the NMSU bookstore was sold to Barnes N Noble. The store is a privately owned company that has locations across universities around the United States, as well as an online store. Luckily, the students of New Mexico State University have a second option, witch is an off campus bookstore and has a lower prices for textbooks to compete with Barnes Noble’s prices. â€Å"A book that the bookstore is selling for $180, I would normally sell for $120,† said Miller, who is a general manager at the off campus bookstore. Textbook sales are profited by more than just the retailer store supplying them even though they take 40% of each sale. Publishers take between 45%-55% plus the author’s royalty’s, which is 8% to 15%, and then the distributor gains 10% off sales. So on a book that cost $27. 95, the retailer would make $12. 58(45%) author royalties make $4. 19(15%) the wholesaler would make $2. 80(10%). Publishing breaks down to pre-production at $3. 55(12. 7%) printing at $2. 83(10. 125%) and marketing at $2(7. 15%), which totals $8. 38 and a total of 30%. Now considering that a textbook cost much more than $28. 00 and sells more than one textbook, these profiteers make a significant amount. In 2008, college book sales reached 4. 3 billion dollars, meaning the people who profit off textbooks aren’t doing so badly. Obviously, it cost money to create a book, but one reason these book prices are raising is because of quality of paper and illustrations used. Hard back or soft back books makes a difference in cost. Considering that books are reprinted every 3 to 4 years, it seems that making a less quality book could work perfectly fine. The feeling of cracking a new book open is one of the many pleasures enjoyed by students who still buy paper books. Paper book buyers are becoming a dying breed. The book industry, like the movie and music industries, has changed greatly with the advent of new technologies like the Kindle, and the iPad. Applications that make electronic digitized versions of almost any book available at your fingertips. The e-book is lighter and cheaper, and since it is paperless, it is also awfully environmentally sociable. For students in particular, more and more textbooks are being made available in this electronic format, and at times saves students as much as 70% off the price of the textbook. One downside of this is that you cant re-sell e-books. However, being cheaper and not taking up shelf space, you may not be so desperate to get rid of them. One thing that cannot be overlooked is e-book piracy. This is likely to increase exponentially as more students buy e-readers, and look for the cheapest way to up load textbooks. The music industrys history with piracy will be repeated as piracy is becoming more widespread with students. Book publishing houses are forced to come up with better models of distribution, like cheaper prices for textbooks. One Web site, Textbook Torrents, promises more than 5,000 textbooks for download in PDF format, complete with the original books layouts and full-color illustrations. Users must simply set up a free account and download a free software program that uses a popular peer-to-peer system called Bit Torrent. Other book-download sites are even easier to use, offering digital books at the click of a mouse. In the article On the Web, a Textbook Proliferation of Piracy the author Young consults a creator of a piracy textbook website â€Å"The founder of the site, who asked to remain anonymous for fear of legal action against him, said in an interview that he considers his actions civil disobedience against the monopolistic business practices of textbook publishers. He said he views the 64,000 registered users of his textbook-download site as votes against a system that charges students too much and continually raises prices. †(Young 2008)Whatever they come up with, it needs to be done soon so students can avoid high prices without having to become an internet pirate and repeat of the ridiculous litigation. Students also are sharing textbooks with classmates to save money on textbooks. All a student needs to do is establish a study group, total the amount of money needed for textbooks for one student, and have everyone in the study group pitch in the same amount of money needed for the books, and procure one copy of each required book. The next step would be to distribute the book in a way so that everyone in the study group gets a copy of the textbook. Electronic version of textbooks can also be purchased, copied and then emailed to classmates. Some digital photographs of physical textbooks have even been found on the internet, then made copies of those files and electronically transfer the scans or photographs to classmates. Sharing textbooks is a very straightforward approach to solve the problem. Just like prescription medicine is cheaper internationally, textbooks are much cheaper internationally than in the US. An International Edition Textbook is simply the international counterpart to a US Edition. Most international editions have slightly different covers and many have different ISBNs on the outside covers (although some have the same ISBN as the US edition on the nside), but are still printed on high-quality paper. Renting is a tempting option for the reason that many textbooks depreciate quickly or become difficult to sell after professors discontinue using them or publishers release new editions. In the article, Renting can cut textbook costs, it gives a valuable percentage, â€Å"With the annual cost of buying college textbooks averaging $1,000, a growing number of college bookstores, publishers and online providers are offering students the chance to rent out their books at a savings of as much as 70%, according to The Wall Street Journal. (Diverse Issues in Higher Education 2009) Renting textbooks is a way for students to obtain the book they require at cheaper price, and without the negative possibility of their textbooks becoming worthless by the end of the semester. In the last few years there has been an increase in online businesses that have started to rent out textbooks, this makes it very convenient and also cost efficient for students at any university. Piracy of e-books, sharing textbooks with classmates, students buying international books and renting textbooks, are several of the tactics being used by students to try and combat unreasonable textbook prices. With our economy today students are usually living from pay check to pay check, money is tight which in turn causes the tendencies of students trying to save as much money as they can, and if that means pirating a textbook, sharing, renting or buying internationally, is cheaper then students don’t hesitate. Textbooks enclose numerous positive effects on the academic lives of students. Unfortunately, this may affect the student’s life finically as well. The ease in finding information relevant to studies is its primary benefit to readers. Along with this, the ability to add side notes or highlight key points makes textbooks a great study guide. For students who are self-motivated and wish to integrate textbook work with other sources, the companion websites, DVDs, workbooks and other supplements offered in addition to most textbooks give students additional methods to learn the same information. Furthermore, the ability to review what is learned in any course using the textbook in conjunction with other course materials makes this an invaluable tool in any educational setting. While often seen as a one-time-only tool, textbooks also provide an acceptable reference for most academic writing (for instance, term papers, essays, and thesis), and may be resold online or at the campus bookstore. Some textbooks can also be returned without charge if borrowed from the campus library. All these benefits are negated if it is unaffordable to the student. Why should the student have to immediately sell the textbook back to the bookstore just to make ends meet? Especially, when those books could later help the students in other classes and even after college. Textbooks should be a pleasant item, not something most college students perceive to be unaffordable. Textbooks are supposed to be a tool to help students succeed. They should not to be a deciding factor in some poor college student’s career because of their ability to purchase required textbooks. New Mexico, being such a poor state should place as a very high priority to safeguard and regulate the state’s educational institution and ensure college students do not have to pay an unreasonable amount for their books just so a bookstore can make a 25% profit. Instructors and textbooks work together to enhance student comprehension of course materials. The difficulty level of the information provided inside a textbook increases gradually, making retention of key points easier. Since chapters from the book are usually presented as course topics, textbooks also make it easier for instructors to organize tests and structure lectures and classroom activities. As new editions are published, new insight to old topics is provided, in order to keep readers current with new technologies and other findings related to the subject matter. The more students understand about a subject, the more effective lectures and other course-related activities tend to be. College administrators should work closely with instructors to ensure that students have access to all necessary textbooks. If New Mexico can make it easier for a student to afford textbooks, students will not find as many obstacles as they currently do to graduate college and succeed. New Mexico State provides many benefits to the city of Las Cruces. When there are more students enrolled at NMSU it has a positive affect on the cities economy. For instance, the students who decide to live off campus are beneficial to the real estate market. Apartment owners are more likely to fill their complexes when more students attend the university. Homeowners also are more prone to rent out their houses during the academic school year. Coldwell Banker reality found that more parents are buying homes instead of paying rent fees for their student. More then half of their realtors are seeing purchases coming from student parents. The hotel and tourism market also is reaping the benefits provided by New Mexico State University students. When families and friends come to visit the student, hotels are able to reserve rooms for these guests. Furthermore, the restaurant industry makes a profit, from the visitors eating out for their meals. It is economically in the cities best interest to keep student enrollment high at NMSU. When NMSU loses students due to dropping out, Las Cruces essentially loses money. If students are unable to pay for college expenses, drop out rates will increase. New Mexico State University and other New Mexico colleges will see a negative affect financially. It is very simple, less students’ equals less money for the university. Universities should be working to keep students, and increase enrollment; by doing so the university will obviously be making more money. Lowering the cost of textbooks will make college more affordable for students, benefitting the students, city, and university. Below is a table that displays the expenses for an out of state student, and an in state student. Undergraduate In-State Budget For NMSU DescriptionCost Tuition and Fees$5,400 Room and Board$8,038 Books and Supply$1,038 Personal Expenses $2,253 Transportation Expenses$1,734 Total$18,463 Undergraduate Out-of- State Budget for NMSU DescriptionCost Tuition and Fees$16,680 Room and Board$8,038 Books and Supply$1,038 Personal Expenses $2,253 Transportation Expenses$1,734 Total$29,743 The high cost of textbooks is an extensively deliberated problem without a popular solution. To ease the burden of textbook prices on students, we propose firm requirements for colleges and publishers to have regulations and legislation concerning the cost of textbooks. Textbooks are a significant piece of the overall expense in higher education and must be regulated. When it comes to education we cannot let profit be a factor in obtaining an education at a public University. Publishers should have to promote conventional textbooks, which are repeatedly economical, and unbundle materials like workbooks and CD’s that are normally wrapped up with textbooks, which increase the cost, even more. They should have to make their textbooks wholesale prices. Make transparent the revision dates of earlier editions, and a summary of the significant content revisions. Make available supplementary formats, such as e-books, paperback books or unbound books in which products are available in all. There is a National Higher Education Opportunity Act that was put into action July 1, 2010 that does implementing a few of this regulation on colleges and publishers. In the article Results for Students may see some gains through new textbook rules: rules provide greater transparency on pricing and restrict publishers from bundling books with supplemental materials. The author Dervarics writes â€Å"With college textbooks costing an estimated average of $900 a year, student and consumer groups say new federal rules taking effect this summer could generate savings for low-income students in the years ahead. †(Dervarics 2010) the article information on the act is a good start to the solution to this problem. Colleges should have to include lists of the necessary and recommended materials for each course in their published catalogs. Also Professors should be required to make reading lists available in time for students to shop around and find the most affable price. In addition the institute should set up advisory committees focusing on textbook expenses to try and create campus specific solutions and publicize heavily on the options that student have in finding textbooks. Students if educated and informed properly would then have plenty of options in finding the proper textbook materials needed to do well. If Publishers and Colleges can give their target consumer (College Students) what they want which is affordable and reasonable priced textbooks, it would help to create a more attainable cost for higher education, affording more students the ability to attend, become more successful in class and obtaining a college degree. In conclusion there are many solutions to the problem of rising textbook costs. Some obvious solutions to the rising prices are the elimination of supplemental materials such as CD-ROMS and access codes which have been deemed unessential by many college students. More can be done in the way of regulating industry practices, like making edits and â€Å"new† material in books more transparent to the consumer. Regulations must be put in place to control prices of books to improve fair profits. We would like colleges and universities to consider options like custom editions priced lower, and things like non-profit bookstores introduced to campuses to insure fair pricing. By lowering textbook prices public institutions become more attractive to both parents and students. More options such as rental websites and rental facilities at college bookstores should be available to students. Regulation must be made to insure that bookstores do not put profits in front of educational success. By making these books more affordable we may be able to lower college dropout rates and help reduce student loan debt for college students. By doing this we may be able to help stimulate the economy by reducing graduate debts and enabling these students to secure credit to buy homes, vehicles, and other property. This will bring the state more money in taxes and improve the lives of students. We must lower textbook costs and regulate the money hungry practices of the publishing industry.

Blood Pressure and Obesity Solution

Blood Pressure and Obesity Solution Obesity that Causes High Blood Pressure Obesity is associated with excess body weight than what is deemed normal for a given height. Presently, millions of youngsters and adults are suffering from obesity. It is notable that obese people are more likely to suffer specific health problems such as heart diseases, high blood pressure (HBD), and breathing difficulties among others (Freedman 21). The force with which blood circulates in the vessels connotes blood pressure. It is notable that when the pressure increases and remains high for some period, it may harm the body in diverse ways (Freedman 21).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Pressure and Obesity Solution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Individuals’ who have more body fat normally have a corresponding high weight. Notably, obese people require additional oxygen than non-obese individuals in order to survive. The blood vessels must supply additional blood to the fatty body tissues. This has a direct impact on the heart. The heart is overworked because it is required to pump sufficient blood to the extra vessels (Freedman 21). This increases the strain on the artery walls and other blood vessels as they also circulate more blood throughout the body. The increased strain on the artery walls escalates blood pressure. High blood pressure does not present any signs or symptoms and people can live normally with the condition without their knowledge. This presents more challenges because sometimes it can damage several body organs such as the heart, blood pathways, and kidneys among others (Freedman 21). The heart rate also depends on the size of an individual. Individuals with excess weight have a higher heart rate. This decreases the ability of the body to transfer blood via the vessels (Freedman 21). Solving Obesity Problems The efforts to solve obesity predicaments must focus on tackling the notable issues that causes it. Technolo gy has emerged as a contributory factor to the escalating obesity cases. The link that technology has with sedentary lifestyles must be broken in order to find the first solution to obesity issues (Bouchard and Peter 119). It is crucial to note that technology cannot be eliminated. Therefore, there is the need to encourage people to engage in physical activities by setting aside an hour or more daily on their busy schedule to participate in different exercises. The notable physical exercises may range from sports, cycling, running, and walking (Bouchard and Peter 119). There is also a need to encourage people to combine physical activities with healthy eating habits and maintaining body size. It is notable that people participate in these three areas effectively and routinely in order to reduce the incidences of obesity challenges (Bouchard and Peter 119). Remaining faithful to the routine of doing these healthy choices, activities can have immediate impact on minimizing the health risks people face when they avoid them.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They can assist in lessening high blood pressure, high body cholesterol, and gaining weight among others. The prevention of obesity should also focus on these three practices. Furthermore, people who are already suffering from obesity can cut their weight through participating in these activities (Bouchard and Peter 119). Another important solution to obesity predicaments entails the provision of public education on the disease. Efforts must be made by relevant agencies to provide public education and create awareness about aspects of obesity (Hendrix and Darrell 200). The notable areas of that can be covered through during these public forums include nutrition education, the significance of physical activities, dangers of sedentary lifestyles, and the role parents should play in preventing obesit y among children (Hendrix and Darrell 200). Bouchard, Claude, and Peter T. Katzmarzyk.  Physical Activity and Obesity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2010. Print. Freedman, Jeri.  Understanding Obesity: The Mental and Physical Effects of Obesity. New York: Rosen Pub, 2009. Print. Hendrix, Jerry A, and Darrell C. Hayes.  Public Relations Cases. Boston, MA: Wadsworth CENGAGE Learning, 2010. Print.

Turn Baking Soda Into Washing Soda

Turn Baking Soda Into Washing Soda These are easy instructions for making sodium carbonate, also known as washing soda or soda ash, from baking soda or sodium bicarbonate. Make Sodium Carbonate Sodium bicarbonate is CHNaO3, while sodium carbonate is Na2CO3. Simply heat baking soda or sodium bicarbonate in a 200 F oven for about an hour. Carbon dioxide and water will be given off, leaving dry sodium carbonate. This is the soda ash. The chemical reaction for the process is: 2 NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) CO2(g) H2O(g) The compound will readily absorb water, forming the hydrate (returning to baking soda). You can store the dry sodium carbonate in a sealed container or with a desiccant to keep it dry or allow it to form the hydrate, as desired. While sodium carbonate is fairly stable, it slowly decomposes in dry air to form sodium oxide and carbon dioxide. The decomposition reaction can be accelerated by heating the washing soda to  851 C (1124 K). Key Takeaways: Baking and Washing Soda Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and sodium carbonate (washing soda) are similar molecules. The difference is  how much water is incorporated into the molecule.If you bake baking soda, it decomposes to form washing soda, releasing carbon dioxide and water.Over time, washing soda decomposes for form sodium oxide, releasing carbon dioxide. Warmer conditions speed the decomposition process. Uses for Washing Soda Washing soda is a good all-purpose cleaner. Its high alkalinity helps it cut grease, soften water, and disinfect surfaces. Keep in mind, sodium carbonate solution irritates the skin and can produce chemical burns in pure form. Wear gloves when using it! Sodium carbonate is used to adjust swimming pool pH, prevent caking in foods, and as a treatment for ringworm and eczema. Its also used on a commercial scale for making glass and paper products.

Synthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Synthesis - Essay Example ates, taverns and coffeehouses often characterized the earlier signs, here, tradesmen and other entrepreneurs would paint their shops and business infrastructure creatively with pictorials that symbolized the products they made or the services they offered5. There were names of certain entrepreneurs painted on boards and posts, however, most of these signs would only be found on the entrepreneur’s premises. There were cases where certain events were to take place in certain places, in this case, the means of advertising and inviting people to the function was often facilitated by creatively designed and printed handbills that would announce the events5. In addition, they also came in handy when announcing business auctions, stagecoach timetables as well as travelling theater groups that moved from one place to another. Later on, the growth of the business systems as well as economic infrastructure welcomed a new century that came along with new ways of signing and business advertising. In this new business approaches, the outdoor advertising industry achieved major milestones, it moved from the colorful and neat pictures of Phineas Taylor, who was the first to have used them while advertising his circus events, this was in the 1980s. Later, there were huge improvements that were witnessed in the U.S highways and transport industry, the signage industry developed significantly, moving away from the old approaches of shop and business premise signage to roadside signage. This was done with new objectives of targeting the needs of travelers as well as promoting upcoming events, goods and services among other things3. Following improvements in technology, the signs on the highways and other strategic locations were lighted, giving way for the first major segmentations to be ushered into the signage industry. The main segments in this industry became two, there was the electrified system versus the other different form of print signage, in this case, it was upon

Ethics in Leadership Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics in Leadership - Coursework Example Therefore, in order for leaders to avoid being perceived as toxic leaders they should act ethically both in personal life and in their relationship with others. They should engage their followers in decision making and respect their opinion. The leaders should relate well with others and avoid hurting others intentionally and unfairly (Hoyt & McGoldrick, 2012). In addition, leaders should help their followers to achieve their career objectives alongside the organizational goals. Therefore, ethical leaders should share their powers with their followers and appreciate their contributions towards the organizational goals. Credo memo refer to a â€Å"set of ethical principles† that guides the workers in an organization. It is a mission statement of the organization that defines what the organization aims to achieve (Hoyt & McGoldrick, 2012). Credo memo gives the workers an insight of what need to done at any particular time to achieve the target. It assists the leaders to inspire the organizations members and provide new opportunities by utilizing business resources efficiently. Therefore, leaders should involve the workers in decision making and recognize individual contribution in the organization in order to promote performance of the organization (Knapp, 2007). Leaders should share responsibilities with their juniors in order to promote creativity and accountability of all employees to achieve common goal. Forgiveness is a deliberate and planned process by which the offended person undergoes a change in attitude concerning the offense (Tipping, 2010). It is a virtue especially observed by most religious followers, and its benefits have also been emphasized by medical experts. Sometimes it is necessary for the offender to ask for forgiveness or admit their mistake in order to acquire forgiveness from the offended (Grace, 2012). Forgiveness promotes peace among the people, and ends

Visual Arts Essay Example for Free

Visual Arts Essay Every human being has a significant innate characteristic of being artistic in nature originating from his or her humanistic aspect. In this concept, every single individual has the ability to express him or herself through any form of artistic manifestations and on the other hand, also has the ability to view and recognize different forms of artistic expression. This idea is mainly because the very essence of existing as a human being is fully realizing their innate human behaviors of emotional manifestations and expression. Thus, the concept of humanistic art form as a means of expressions and communication of expression is born. In the general course of humanistic art form, the aspect of visual arts commonly roused much enthusiasm and recognition. The aspect of visual art expression usually manifest in the style of appealing to the basic humanistic senses of the human society particularly the sense of sight wherein one uses a concrete way of expressing him or herself to the society. In this form of artistic expression, the visual artist contemplate and transform his or her personal abstract emotions into a concrete form to captivate the interest and emotions of the public enabling them to realize the humanistic and artistic beauty in any chosen specific events. This concept commonly expressed in different fields such as through painting, music, theater, dance and others. In each of the mentioned visual art discipline, each one of them has their own mode of expression significantly characterized by the general theme of their respective discipline. For the field of painting, visual artists use expression mediums such as the most common namely the oil painting wherein the artist use oil-based ink or dye to create an art piece. Another is through using watercolor, which is basically similar to the oil-based medium but only cheaper and more accessible. Other uses spray painting medium employing either or both of the previously mentioned mediums. In addition, another style that is common is using charcoal, which produces sketches of monochromatic color. In this discipline, different mediums of expression are used to bearing similar elements of the said discipline namely color, shade, perspective, hue, contrast, texture, and others, which are all important in emphasizing the thematic aspect of the artwork. For the discipline of music, several styles are commonly used such as the classical that is in relation to the socio-cultural aspect. Another is the ballad or romantic theme, which is more focused on the emotional aspect of the art. In addition, there is the discipline of the jazz and blues manifesting more on the emotional and smooth music for relaxation. In the modern discipline comes the rock music employing contemporary musical instruments and some traditional. In this field, the artistic impression is basically based on three general elements namely the pitch, rhythm, and quality. Pitch which is through melody and harmony, rhythm through meter and tempo, and sound quality through texture, dynamics, articulation, and timbre. For the drama or the theatrical visual art is presented in different styles or genre. One of which is the musical theatre employing musical and dance elements in the presentation. Another is pantomime, which manifest in different forms and characteristic namely puppetry, slapstick and melodrama. Another is the tragedy, which presents the sorrowful and terrible events in a social icon’s life wherein the moral value of the experience is highlighted in the one. In addition, the drama also comes in the form of the opera, which is generally presented through singing. In this discipline, different important elements are used to create a thematic artistic presentation. Some of these elements are the character, plot, theme, dialogue, convention, genre, audience, design, and the stagecraft or the props. The discipline of dance also has its own mediums of artistic expression namely the interpretative employing visual presentation with relative musical attributes. The folk dance which is related to traditional dance methods. The ballet dance, which is focused on the gracefulness of the expression to symbolize its theme. In addition, the modern dance which represents the present society and their contemporary culture. In this discipline, artists employ several elements in their artistic expression namely the tempo or speed of the dance, the gracefulness or the texture of the movements, choreography, and the uniformity for group presentation. Thus, visual art is generally expression of humanistic emotions manifested through using different forms of disciplines. In each of these disciplines, the visual artists employ a particular style of mode of expression to emphasize the main theme or the particular idea of their artistic visual presentation thus capturing better the enthusiasm and emotional interest of their general audience. In employing a particular mode of expression style, the target audience can also better understand and realize the main theme of the presented visual art through relating it to the discipline used and the particular expression style that is applied. Through applying the mentioned visual art elements, the aspect of communication between the artist and the general audience can be bridged significantly promoting the thematic expression between the two. Bibliography Levi, Albert Smith, Ralph (1991). Art Education: Disciplines of Art Education, Context of Understanding. University of Illinois, USA. ISBN-10: 0252061853.

archimedes :: essays research papers

Archimedes Archimedes lived during 287? - 212 B.C. The nationality of Archimedes is Greek in which he was born in Syracuse, Sicily. (World 605). Archimedes attended a school in Alexandria, Egypt. He was trained by such greats as Conon and Eratosthenes. (Math 22) The area of work that Archimedes was knows for is his work in Geometry and astronomy because his father was an astronomer. Archimedes is also known for Hydrostatics, static mechanics, pycnometry and he is called the â€Å"father of integral calculus.† (MCS 1). His mathematical contributions are endless and are still used to this day. First there is his method of finding Pi, the ratio between the diameter and circumference of a circle. This was greatly needed in his times for builders dealing with large works of art. He also computed the area of a segment of a parabola. By using triangles he found them to be the pieces of Geometry. There is the Archimedean spiral that is still used in Egypt to drain and fill farmland with water. It is a tube with a spiral screw that is turned and then the water enter the chambers and comes out the other side. Other remarkable works are the Sandreckoner that is where he starts a number system capable of expressing numbers up to 8x1016. He says this method can be used to count all the grains of sand in the world. He was also known for his invention of the catapult, which helped the Greeks with there Roman problems. (Math 24). Thing that helped and hindered Archimedes in mathematical greatness are concededly dealt with wars. Such as the Rome and Carthage war when the Romans decide to invade Syracuse. Archimedes used his math knowledge to come up with catapults and a large grappling hooks, that where hooked to a lever that in turn lifted the ships out of the water and dropped them. One of the most different things that he did that dealt with the war was when they attack, Archimedes had the Greek men hold up special shaped shields that were focused on the ships and when the sun hit the shields the ships went up in flames this is also a myth that no one knows the truth to. This in turn helped and hinder him it made him come up with new ideas but he had no time to deal with other thing of non-war activities (Gap 7)

Food Quality Essay

* Relates to excellent product or services that fulfills or exceeds our expectations Food Quality * Includes all attributes that influence product’s value to the consumers. This includes, Negative attributes (e. g. spoilage, contamination with filth, discoloration, off odors & flavors; Positive attributes (e. g. origin, color, flavor, texture and processing method used. -Food Quality is a term which may refer to several things: ¦ the extent to which food contains the nutrients that match the kind and quantity of the nutritional needs of the person consuming the food  ¦ the extent to which the food is attractive in appearance & taste  ¦ the extent to which food is free from pathogenic bacteria & undesirable materials such as insecticides & antibiotic residues, etc FOOD QUALITY 1. Composite of characteristics/ attributes which differs from one unit to another 2. Totality of features/ characteristics of a product that bear on its ability to satisfy a given need: Needs: Safety Usability Availability Economics. Maintainability Environment Reliability 3. Uniformity, consistency and conformity to a given standard or specifications 4. A statement of what the user wants & what the manufacturer can provide 5. â€Å"Fitness for use†, â€Å"satisfaction level of costumers† Other Ways of Describing Quality 1. Fast selling brand of a food product might be labeled as â€Å"Extra Special Quality† 2. Products that are sold abroad may be termed as â€Å"Export Quality† 3. Some consumers may gauge quality in terms of brand popularity 4. From the large producer’s point of view, quality may mean product reliability. Small manufacturers – reliability may not be a concern, their concern is more on sell of the products. 5. In a seller’s market situation, product availability means quality Quality of Food is Based on the following: 1. Raw material – the quality of finished product is dependent on the quality of raw material 2. Sensory quality – food quality detectable by our senses can be categorized into 3: – appearance – texture – flavor 3. Microbiological quality – raw material and products should be free from toxin-producing microorganism QUALITY CONTROL Is Doing Things Right. THE FIRST TIME AND EVERYTIME Quality Control can also be defined as a. maintenance of specified finished product characteristics every time it is manufactured b. efficient control of raw material and of production process c. object of quality control is to produce a quality which: – satisfies the consumers; as cheap as possible; can be delivered in time to meet delivery requirement d. is the function or collection of duties which must be performed throughout an organization in order to achieve its quality objectives Stages of Quality Control 1. Set the specifications. a. Exactly what the customer or market expects b. Price at which product can be sold c. Delivery date d. Capability of equipment/ machines e. Capability of available inspection and test equipment 2. Prepare to manufacture a. Decide how to process the product b. Decide what equipment to use c. Specify the quality of raw materials and possible suppliers d. The in-line personnel e. Plan inspection and in-process quality control 3. Actual Processing/ Manufacture 4. Correction of quality defects 5. Provide long-term quality control planning Defects in Foods Defect. – perceptible deviation from product specs that makes product less fit, or unfit for consumption – the lack of something essential or required; or an imperfection – can occur singly or as a composite of several deviations Sources: 1. Raw material – biological system that deteriorates over time. 2. Personnel – staff’s commitment to their work and their ability to perform their task well. 3. In-process problems – quality loss due to poor understanding of processing methods and use of inadequate machines – due to lack of staff training Evidences of Defects Prevention Program: 1. Quality raw materials 2. Reduction of processing losses 3. Drop in the volume of rejects What is HACCP? * Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points * Prevention-based food safety system * A systematic approach to the identification, assessment of risk, and severity and control of biological, chemical and physical hazards associated with a particular food production process or practice (US FDA CFSAN, 2000) Two Important Terms * HAZARDS * CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS HAZARDS * Any biological, chemical, or physical property that may cause an unacceptable consumer health risk. * 3 major hazards. * Biological * Chemical * Physical -Biological Hazards * These organisms are commonly associated with humans and with raw products entering the food manufacturing facility. * Bacteria, foodborne viruses, parasites * Examples: * Salmonella, Listeria, Staphylococcus * Hepatitis A and Norwalk Viruses * Trichinella -Chemical Hazards * Chemical contaminants may be naturally occurring or may be added during the processing of the food. * Naturally Occurring Chemicals * Toxins from molds (aflatoxin) * Allergenic Proteins * Added Chemicals * Agricultural chemicals * Industrial chemicals. * Ingredients: Flavors enhancers, colors, preservatives -Physical Hazards * Foreign and extraneous materials * Foreign Materials * Anything that does not naturally occur in the food material * Hair, fingers (fingernails), plastic, metal filings, jewelry, gum etc. * Extraneous Materials * Anything that naturally occurs in the food but should not be there * Pits, seeds, peel, stems Critical Control Points * CCP’s * Process steps in specific food systems in which loss of control may result in an unacceptable health risk 7 Principles of HACCP: 1. Identify hazards in the system 2. Determine critical control points 3. Establish critical limits 4. Establish monitoring procedures 5. Establish corrective actions 6. Establish verification procedure 7. Establish record keeping and documentation procedures Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) – set of sanitary guidelines and control for compliance to assure safety and wholesomeness of foods. Concerns: 1. Personnel 2. Plant and grounds 3. Sanitary operation 4. Sanitary facilities and control 5. Equipment and utensils 6. Process and control Cleaning and Sanitization Cleaning – an operation that will remove at least 90% of the soil or dirt. Sanitization – application of sanitizers Sanitation – over-all cleanliness of the surroundings or anything that surrounds the food Steps: a. remove the debris b. pre-rinse c. application of cleaning aids d. post rinse e. sanitizing rinse FOOD SPOILAGE / DETERIORATION Food Spoilage/Deterioration -Includes losses in organoleptic desirability, nutritional value, safety and aesthetic appeal of the food -Food is subject to physical, chemical and biological deterioration, which go hand in hand Causal Factors: -Temperature (heat and cold) * Oxygen * Moisture * Light & radiation * Time. * Natural food enzymes * Micro- and macro- organisms * Industrial contaminants * Some foods in the presence of other foods In general, deterioration is slowed down when the food is low in moisture, high in salt/sugar or acid Shelf-life and Dating of Foods Shelf-life – is the time it takes a product to decline to an acceptable level – time a product remains saleable MAQ – minimum acceptable quality for the product must be defined by the manufacturers or retailers Actual length of shelf-life is dependent on a number of factors : 1. processing methods 2. packaging. 3. storage conditions Dating – provides consumers some indication of the shelf-life or freshness of the products they buy Type of code dates include: * date of manufacture (â€Å"pack date†) * date the product was displayed (â€Å"display date†) * date by which the product should be sold (â€Å"sell by date†) * last date of maximal quality (â€Å"best used date†) * date beyond which the product is no longer acceptable (â€Å"use by date† or â€Å"expiration date†) Major Causes of Food Deterioration -often the following factors do not operate in isolation -as such, effective preservation must eliminate or minimize all of these factors in a given food to prevent/minimize deterioration 1. Growth activities and activities of microorganisms – Bacteria, yeasts, molds – Microbial growth curve * Conditions necessary for microorganisms to grow: * Source * Food residue * Moisture * Time * Temperature * Invasion of microorganisms is due to contamination which can be avoided by sanitary practices and proper processing procedures and packaging * Not all microorganisms can cause disease or food spoilage, others are useful for food processing * Food borne diseases – special kind of deterioration that may or may not alter a food’s organoleptic properties 2. Infestation by insects, parasites and rodents. * Insects destroy 5-10% annual grain crops (US), in other countries (50%) * Parasites Examples of Parasites: * Trichinella spirallis, enters hogs eating uncooked food wastes; nematodes, penetrates hog intestines and find way into the pork – Entamoeba histolytica, parasite associated to raw human excrement and can infect crops when raw human excrement is used as fertilizer -can cause amoebic dysentery * Rodents – can consume large quantities of foods and they can contaminate food by filth they carry – can spread diseases like: Salmonellosis Leptospirosis Typhoid fever Plague 3. Activities of food enzymes and other chemical reactions within food itself * food enzymes are natural in healthy, uninfected foods * activity is intensified right after harvest * activity is sometimes desirable * can be inactivated by heat, chemicals and irradiation, etc. 4. Inappropriate temperatures (heat and cold) for a given food * heat and cold – can cause deterioration if not controlled; 10-38 °C (normal working temperature) * excessive heat: denatures protein, breaks emulsion, dries out food by evaporation and destroys vitamins * uncontrolled cold: FAV are frozen – discoloration, changes in texture. – can break emulsion such as in milk – denatures milk protein – chill injury 5. Either the gain or loss of moisture – Aw and Moisture Content (needed by microorganisms for growth and by different chemical reactions) 6. Reaction with oxygen * can cause chemical oxidation of nutrients, colors, flavors * required for growth of some microorganisms * can be excluded by vacuum packaging, addition of oxygen scavengers 7. Light * can destroy some vitamins (riboflavin, A and C); deteriorates many food colors * in milk – can cause â€Å"sunlight flavors† (induced fat oxidation and changes in CHON) * Can be minimized by opaque packaging 8. Time * quality decreases with time * object is to maintain and capture freshness of foods * to prolong shelf life – adequate processing, packaging and storage Spoilage of Different Kinds of Foods 1. Bread Mold: results in discoloration of the bread Ropiness: soft and sticky to touch, caused by sporeforming bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis 2. Honey * high sugar(70-80%) and acidic (pH= 3. 2-4. 2) * chief cause of spoilage : Zygosaccharomyces mellis 3. Candy * not subject to microbial spoilage (high sugar and low MC) * except chocolate with soft centers (burst and may explode), cause by Clostridium spp. 4. Fruits and Vegetables * spoilage due to physical factors, action of their enzymes, microbial action or combination of these agents * microbial spoilage may be due to plant pathogen and/or saprophytic microorganisms * general type of spoilage: * bacterial soft rot (Erwinia caratova) * gray mold rot (Botrytis cinerea) * rhizopus rot (Rhizopus nigricans) * anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) * blue mold rot (Penicillium) * black mold rot (Aspergillus niger) 5. Fruit Juices * acidic (pH 2. 4-4. 7), all contain sugars (2-17%) * molds. * alcohol fermentation 6. Sauerkraut * inferior quality due to abnormal fermentation: high temp; low temp; too long fermentation * surface spoilage (destroy the acidity, permit other microorganisms to grow, softening, darkening and bad flavors) 7. Fresh Eggs * Defects: cracks, leaks, dirty spots on the exterior (will favor spoilage on storage) * Changes caused by microorganisms during storage: * green rot (Pseudomonas fluorescens) giving green color of the egg white * colorless rot (various microorganisms): yolk is affected 8. Meat and Meat Products. * raw meat: enzyme, microorganisms, oxidation of fats * beef: moderate amount of autolysis is desired to tenderize it, excessive autolysis (souring) * general principles: * Factors influencing invasion of tissues by microorganisms: * load in the gut of the animal * physiological condition of the animal before slaughter * method of killing and bleeding Factors affecting the growth of microorganisms in meat * kind and amount of microorganisms * physical properties of meat (exposed area, grinding) * chemical properties of the meat (MC, protein, CHO, pH). * availability of oxygen * temperature General types of spoilage in meat * aerobic condition: * surface slime (Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Bacillus, Micrococcus) * surface discoloration (Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus/Flavobacterium) * oxidation of fats * stickiness (molds) * whiskers (Thamnidium elegans, Mucor mucedo) * anaerobic condition: * putrefaction, souring Cured meats: addition of nitrates inhibit growth of microorganisms, spoilage same with fresh if stored improperly 9. Fish and Other Seafoods. * spoiled by autolysis, oxidation or bacterial activity * factors influencing spoilage: * kind of fish: flat fish vs. round fish, fatty fish deteriorates faster * condition of fish when caught: exhausted spoil rapidly * kind and extent of contamination of the fish flesh with bacteria * temperature * use of an antibiotic ice or dip evidences of spoilage: * brightness fades and dirty, yellow discoloration appears * slime on the fish increases * eyes gradually sink * gills: light pink to grayish yellow * softening of the flesh. * development of off-colors 10. Poultry * chief source of spoilage: bacteria * bacterial growth takes place on the surface and any cut surfaces and the decomposition products diffuse slowly into the meat * off-odor is noted when the bacterial count is at 2. 5 x 106 cfu/cm2 * Psuedomonas and Achromobacter * Micrococcus, Flavobacterium and Achromobacter * Surface of skin becomes slime, acid/sour odor 11. Milk Chief type of spoilage : * Souring or acid formation * Gas production * Proteolysis * Ropiness * Surface or throughout the milk.

Five Ways to Kill a Man

In this very blunt poem, Edwin Brock describes five distinct eras in which death had taken place. It is also hinted how man has evolved in their methods to kill themselves. Each stanza represents a different time and place. This is ranged from the biblical era to the mid-twentieth century. Different phrases within the stanzas give away which era Brock is referring to. All of which have different meanings and a very unemotional tone to them. â€Å"And one man to hammer the nails home. † The first stanza features the phrase above.It refers to the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, when nailing a person to wood using nails to hold the victim was capital punishment. The people are assumed to be Roman, since this form of capital punishment was only practiced by this group in ancient times. The line in which â€Å"a crowd of people wearing sandals† reinforces the idea of the people being Roman. Brock suggests that in order to do something as gruesome as killing a person, all one wo uld need was a person, some wood, as well as nails.Things become more a tad more complicated in the â€Å"war or the roses†, or the European Middle Ages when weapons come into play. â€Å"A length of steel, shaped and chased in a traditional way† applies to swords or really any type of weapon that could be used â€Å"†¦to pierce the metal cage he wears†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or armor. Brock illustrates how wars were fought for honor. â€Å"At least two flags†, is referring to two different armies, or royalties that fight against each other so that one can gain glory and celebrate their victory by having a banquet. Gas warfare in the First World War is described in the third stanza.In this time, men would blow mustard-gas, or chlorine gas, at their enemy when the wind would be blowing in the right direction. In this time, â€Å"mud ditches† were also introduced, allowing for soldiers to hide from their enemies as well as attack without being in full view. â⠂¬Å"Round hats made of steel† describes the helmets that soldiers would wear for protection. In the forth stanza, the â€Å"age of aeroplanes† describes being to dispose of the enemy by only â€Å"pressing one small switch†. This means killing by bombing, as what was done in world war two. Since bombing was practiced by he Germans, the Japanese, as well as the Americans, no one can be too sure which nation Brock is referring to, if any specifically. However, since the line â€Å"an ocean to separate you, two systems of government, a nation’s scientists, several factories† it is implied that it is referring to the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. This is because both nations used every scientist possible as well as every factory in order to find new ways to destroy one another. â€Å"A psychopath†, is mentioned in regards to Hitler. The last stanza is even broader than the last.Purposely making it to where the reader’s own op inions can take form and assume their own reasonable explanations. â€Å"Simpler, direct, and much more neat is to se he is living somewhere in the middle of the twentieth century, and leave him there. † In my own interpretation of this line, I think Brock was trying to say to us that it’s so much easier to kill a man in this day and age than it was in biblical times or the Middle Ages. Man has evolved so much in their attempt to perfect their way of killing, that all one would have to do is leave a man in this day and age and death would be able to find him.

Second Hand Lions essays

Second Hand Lions essays We watched the movie Secondhand Lions in class. I really enjoyed the movie because the actors are superb, the characters endearing, and the plot has an I cant wait to see what happens next quality that keeps everyone laughing, gasping in surprise, and amused in disbelief. The first reason why I like this movie the main theme of the plot. The plot is about two aging uncles teaching a young boy about becoming a man. Walter, the grand-nephew, finds life with the uncles. Theres no phone or TV and the main activities are gardening and annoyance of salesmen. They are said to have endless supply of cash in a series of African adventures. Many people try to tell Walter that the uncles are bank robbers. Most of the story has to do with the young Garth and Hub, who ended up in the French Foreign Legion and had unbelievable adventures with a princess named Jasmine and a shameful Sheik. Walter is faced with different pictures of his uncles, are they bank robbers, or heroic adventurers? Soon, he must decide what he believes in. The second reason why I like this movie is because of the superb characters. I love the characters, especially the bigger than life nature of Hub and Garth. The uncles are very realistic characters. Garth is one of Walters uncle who has traveled the world in a numerous of adventures. Walter's character matures throughout the movie. I see Walter unsure of himself in the beginning, but later into the movie he seems to be finding his footing. An important part of Secondhand Lions involves flashbacks that are in Garths tale of his and his brothers past. Uncle Garth tells the stories, which we see through Walter's mind. It leaves Walter wondering whether the tales are really to believe. The scenes showing the African adventures are well-handled. These flashbacks are the central to the plot of the movie. In conclusion, I really enjoyed the movie because the actors are s ...

As and Than To Introduce Elliptical Clauses

As and Than To Introduce Elliptical Clauses As and Than To Introduce Elliptical Clauses As and Than To Introduce Elliptical Clauses By Maeve Maddox A reader questions my use of the subject pronoun I to follow the conjunction as in a recent post. I wrote â€Å"not so sanguine as I.† The reader suggests that I should have written â€Å"not so sanguine as me.† When the word as functions as a preposition, it can be followed by me: I went to the costume party as my sister, and she went as me. In the sentence with sanguine, however, as functions as a conjunction. The subject form I is the correct choice because I is the subject of the elliptical clause introduced by as. An â€Å"elliptical clause† has some of its parts understood but not stated. Sometimes the part left out of the elliptical clause is the verb and its complement: You are smarter than I. Expanded meaning: You are smarter than I am smart. George has been teaching June how to golf. Now she is as good as he. Expanded meaning: Now she is as good as he is good. Sometimes the understood part of the clause includes an extension of the verb that contains a prepositional phrase. When that’s the case, an object form may be the correct choice to follow as or than. The choice depends upon the meaning to be understood. These examples from The Chicago Manual of Style illustrate the way pronoun choice alters meaning when than introduces an elliptical clause: My sister looks more like my father than I. Expanded meaning: My sister looks more like my father than I look like my father. My sister looks more like my father than me. Expanded meaning: My sister looks more like my father than she looks like me. When as and than are used to introduce an elliptical clause, the choice of pronoun form is governed by its function in what is understood but not stated in the elliptical clause. Related post: Taller Than He Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases50 Idioms About Fruits and Vegetables45 Idioms About the Number One